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Theoretical characteristics of Xunzi’s ethics
——From the perspective of “the country comes from”
Author: Dong Fangshuo (produced by the School of Philosophy of the Dalian School of Science and Technology)
Source: “Literature, History and Philosophy” Issue 05, 2020
Time: Confucius was in the 2570th year of the Gengzi Xuanyue Day, Yiwei
� October 19, 2020
Abstract:In the pre-Qin Confucianism, Xunzi clearly proposed a logical and clear protection for the existence of a political country for the first time, and entrusted the “gift” to “state come by” the situation, so that it gained the dual components of “power” and “morality”, which constituted a way for us to understand the theoretical characteristics of Xunzi’s ethics. In Xunzi, the country is expressed by the “sage king” and “gratitude”. The quality of the gift is actually based on the “state-based” situation; the reason why the country must and must be determined is because it is deeply rooted in the nature of human nature, and the humanistic “gratitude” mentioned by Xunzi is not a bad thing in specific ethics or moral meanings, but should be understood as “biasedness” in political meaning. If it is said that a political country represented by “Saint King” and “Glory” was originally intended to curb human nature, Xunzi seemed to have an overly qualified moral expectation for this political country, and it was not as serious as possible that the political country could be a kind of evil.
Keywords: Xunzi; tribute; “state comes from”; power; morality; humanitarian evil
1. Introduction
This article attempts to explore the theoretical characteristics of Xunzi’s ethics from the perspective of “state comes from” (reasonofstate), and thus reflect some of the imperfections that we can have in Xunzi’s thinking and understanding. The purpose of this article is to explain that although scholars regard “gratitude” as the focus concept of Xunzi’s ethics, in Xunzi’s special language about the creation of gifts by the previous kings (sage kings), the goal and focus of the previous kings was to establish the political state. Therefore, the effectiveness of the struggle and the nature of the standard behavior of the gifts actually appear in the “state-based” situation. In other words, the “gratitude” (morality) has the “state-based” situation, which has become a major theoretical feature of Xunzi’s ethics.
In order to illustrate this feature, we need to explain two questions first. What is this “country is coming”? How did Xunzi understand “country”?
Let’s look at the second question first. The “country” in Xunzi’s thinking is more complicated because it involves the relationship between the “national” and the “country”. In short, in the book “Xunzi”, “country” and “country” are both frequently appearing words. According to Xunzi, the country is “big instrument” (“Online”), which refers to the scope of earth and earth space;At that time, “national” also means a certain order, so Xunzi emphasized “national”, and “one country” and “governing the country” became the topics that Xunzi’s political philosophy focused on. However, although the book “Xunzi” has a large statement about “the whole country” that is criticized by “the whole country”, the concept of “the whole country” mostly expresses a concept of civilization or value, while the concept of “the nation” is actually a concept of solidity. According to Xunzi, “The country is a place where scholars are approachable… People without land cannot live in peace, people do not guard the land, people do not come without Taoism, people do not come without righteousness, people do not follow the Tao, and people do not follow the Tao. Therefore, the country and people are the Tao and laws, and the foundation of the country. The correct people are the essence of Taoism” (“Scholars”). Xunzi believed that the establishment and stability of a country depend on the gathering of land, people, Taoism and righteous people. Among various social organizations and groups, the country has the greatest energy and influence, so it is said that “the country is the largest tool of the country and is a heavy burden”, “the country is the application of the country”, “the country is determined and the whole country is determined” (“Wang Du”). During Mencius’ time, the realization of the nation’s domineering fantasy had relied on various marquises, and by the time of Xunzi it was more obvious. There was a view of this public authority: “Before the Qin Shihuang regime, at most, from the perspective of the warring states in the country in China, China’s politics was ‘feudal nation’.” “The ‘big sect’ of the feudal nation was just a matter of emotion and was not of reality… From the perspective of political missions, the focus of political career always relies on the nations, not on the ‘national nation’ that the Yuan Dynasty was ruled by the Yuan Dynasty.” 1 Of course, what needs to be explained here is that for Xunzi, the “country” was, although it was A concept of physicality, but Xunzi did not have a “national discussion” in modern meaning. In other words, Xunzi’s meaning is a protective system due to the needs of the people who want to meet. The French standard of the country is to prevent people from fighting each other or even The result of the demise of the demise and the constraints added to the common people by the rulers, so Hegel called this immature country “the country within” and surrendered to the “demand Chapter 1” country 2, which is equivalent to the country of specialized politics we will call tomorrow.
After understanding what Xunzi called “the country” we said, “the country comes from.” Those who regard the concept of “state for being” as a main concept in modern European national theory, according to Friedrich Meinecke, Niccolò Machiavelli is considered to be the first person to discover the true nature of “state for being being”. In Machiavelli, “state comes from” means that as the representative of the highest power of the country, the ruler (monarch) can use a very regular hand to show the absolute nature of the monarch’s power in order to realize the benefits of the country. “National is coming” is always a set of laws that represent a state-managementThe norm, as a skill, aims at a method to maintain the advantage of political coordination in a world full of silence; as a basis for a proof, “the state comes from” to protect these methods. However, the different scholars have different understandings about the concept of “state comes from”, and the meanings used to illustrate the problem are also similar, and there are also disputes over the translation name. This article does not intend to be a tracing of the origin of “state” or present the meaning of the various academic history of “state”. We borrow this concept to express our beliefs as a new political and ethical thinking about “why the state must be”, and the focus of the concept of “state must be” is to provide legal and legitimate explanations for national benefits and national actions. Therefore, reconstructing order or “effectiveness” for the country has become an important standard for considering political and ethical choices. This article uses the concept of “national origin” only in the general meaning here rather than in other strict meanings. This is the first explanation to the learner.
2. “Country” and “Greetings”
So, in what meaning does Xunzi’s ethics express the characteristics of “country comes from”? Or maybe the most useful and simplest method is to analyze it from the concept of Xunzi’s most focused ethics.
When viewing “gratitude” as the focus concept of Xunzi’s ethical thinking, learners will not have too many differences, but we need to ask, what kind of connotation does Xunzi discuss gifts? What is the first meaning of “gift” (or “gift”) as the concept of “morality” we call it 7? In this regard, we first proposed a clear method of origin. In this regard, what we are going to ask is that assuming that “gratulations” as the concept of “morality” have the characteristics of “state-derived”, then, in the world of thinking constructed by Xunzi, how did Xunzi highlight the question of “why should a country be”? If a country must, what meaning does “gift” form “national reason”?
In combination with the related comments of “Gifts”, “Natural Evil”, “Rich Country”, and “King System”, we can see that Xunzi actually described a “na
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